August 15, 2018, Wesley Morgan The three heads of state will oversee an eighteen-month transitional period before elections are held. June 14, 2019, Speaking with the “Bad Guys”: Toward Dialogue With Central Mali’s Jihadists, International Crisis Group Die Republik Mali gab sich ihren Namen in Erinnerung an das westafrikanische Großreich Mali unter der Keita-Dynastie (Blütezeit: 12.-14. February 27, 2020. January 23, 2019, The Salafi-Jihadi Base in the Sahel: December 2018, Emily Estelle March 29, 2019, Where Terrorism Is Rising in Africa and the United States Is Leaving, Eric Schmitt Since late 2018, numerous men detained by the security forces during counterterrorism operations were subjected to enforced disappearance, five were allegedly executed or died in custody, and dozens more were subjected to severe mistreatment in detention. welthunger-index 2020: mali ANMERKUNG: Die Daten zur Wachstumsverzögerung und Auszehrung bei Kindern stammen aus den Perioden 1998 bis 2002 (2000), 2004 bis 2008 (2006), 2010 bis 2014 (2012) und 2015 bis 2019 (2020). The military justice system made some progress in investigating dozens of past extrajudicial killings by their forces. CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” IRIN May 12, 2016, Corinne Dufka IRIN As Islamist groups began pushing toward the center of the country, the French military intervened in January 2013 at the request of the Malian government, deploying ground troops and launching an air campaign to push back the militants. Foreign troops have deployed to Mali since 2013 to try to Institute for Security Studies January 9, 2020, Foreign Troops Fighting Jihadists in the Sahel Face Criticism as Terror Grows, John Campbell CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” Vox Jamestown Foundation The Atlantic More than thirteen thousand UN peacekeepers remain deployed in Mali and MINUSMA has been called the UN’s most dangerous mission due to the high number of attacks on peacekeepers. Cipher Brief February 2, 2020, America Shouldn't Abandon Its Allies in the Sahel, Olivier-Remy Bel CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” November 3, 2017, Audu Bulama Bukarti Der Konflikt und die Instabilität in der Zentralafrikanischen Republik (ZAR) sorgen für noch mehr Vertreibung und eine Verschärfung der Ernährungssituation. CFR In Brief CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” Mit mehr deutschen Soldaten soll der EU-Einsatz in Mali effektiver werden. April 22, 2020, Katherine Zimmerman October 5, 2017, Terrorism in Africa: Ending Violence in Mali Starts with Building Communities, Lisa Inks February 15, 2019, How Mali Is Pursuing Justice for a War That Never Really Ended, Anna Pujol-Mazzini CFR Expert Brief Juni 2020 Mali: Tarkint: UN-Konvoi 2 0 Konflikt in Nordmali (seit 2012) 14. Casualties in the Sahel Highlight Jihadi Persistence, John Campbell Malian security forces subjected numerous suspects to severe mistreatment and several died in custody or were forcibly disappeared. December 13, 2018, Emily Estelle Dieses Engagement ließ auch in der internationalen Gemeinschaft zum Jahresende 2019 die Hoffnung aufkeimen, dass 2020 das Ende des Krieges im Jemen sehen könnte. November 22, 2016, Radical Islamist Terrorism in West Africa, John Campbell Etter det har politikken vært preget av konflikt mellom staten, opprørsgrupper og islamistiske grupperinger. Human Rights Watch November 17, 2017, G5 Sahel Joint Military Force to Tackle Terrorism, Mariama Diallo CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” Moro-Konflikt: 13. After the Ogossagou massacre, the government pledged but failed to disarm and dissolve the implicated militia. The U.S. military has also increased its presence in the Sahel, deploying approximately 1,500 troops to the region and building a drone base in Niger to serve as a platform for strikes against groups across West and North Africa. Horoskop - Aktuelle Nachrichten aus Köln und der ganzen Welt John Campbell and J. Peter Pham Europe Has Spent Years Trying to Prevent ‘Chaos’ in the Sahel. There was scant progress on delivering justice for atrocities committed since 2012-2013, however several investigations were opened by local courts and the Specialized  Judicial Unit, including into the Ogossagou massacre. Mali’s jihadist merger: desperate or dangerous? July 2017, Mali's Next Battle: Improving Counterterrorism Capabilities, Michael Shurkin, Stephanie Pezard, and S. Rebecca Zimmerman Im März 2012 hatte ein Militärputsch im Süden des Landes gegen Präsident Amadou Toumani Touré die Regierung destabilisiert und den Boden für den Konflikt im Norden bereitet. Wall Street Journal After gaining independence from France in 1960, Mali endured decades of instability. June 21, 2018, The Niger-Mali Border: Subordinating Military Action to a Political Strategy, International Crisis Group CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” In der Folge des entstandenen Machtvakuums machten sich islamistische Terroristen i… June 5, 2018, The Islamic State ‘Presence’ in the Sahel Is More Complicated Than Affiliates Suggest, John Campbell Claire Felter and Jason Warner 2016, International Crisis Group Politico War on the Rocks Über ein Viertel aller Zentralafrikaner*innen mussten deshalb ihre Heimat schon verlassen: Mehr als 600.000 Menschen wurden intern vertrieben, weitere 600.000 sind in Nachba… Center for Strategic and International Studies, International Centre for Defence and Security, Joe Parkinson, Michael M. Phillips, and Warren P. Strobel, Michael Shurkin, Stephanie Pezard, and S. Rebecca Zimmerman, Delphine Mechoulan, Lesley Connolly, and Minna Hojland, Diplomacy … Africa Center for Strategic Studies Which Jihadi Groups Operate in Africa's Sahel Region? July 2, 2018, How Islamist Militant Groups are Gaining Strength in Africa, Sam Ellis In February 2017, France and the Group of Five for the Sahel (G5) countries—Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger—announced the creation of the G5 Sahel Force, a five thousand-troop-strong counterterrorism force aimed at fighting militant groups with an expanded mandate to move across borders in the Sahel region; the multinational force began operations in October 2017. Through Operation Barkhane, France continues to lead the fight in Mali and three thousand troops have been deployed since July 2014 to protect civilians and aid the efforts of local militaries. August 19, 2020, African Militant Islamist Groups Set Record for Violent Activity, Africa Center for Strategic Studies June 5, 2017, John Campbell November 29, 2016, Mali extends state of emergency for eight months, Tensions, Armed Groups Emerge in Central Mali, Katarina Hoije CFR Council Special Report March 3, 2020, Terrorism Threat in West Africa Soars as U.S. Weighs Troop Cuts, Eric Schmitt The G5 Sahel multinational counterterrorism military force, created in 2017, comprising forces from Mali, Mauritania, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Chad, did not become fully operational as a result of insufficient financial support and equipment. Du kan läsa om olika konflikters bakgrund, hur … CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” After the transitional government was appointed, Cisse and other officials detained during the coup were released; ECOWAS thereafter lifted economic sanctions and the AU lifted its suspension of Mali. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has brought new health and economic difficulties. Institute for Global Change The state of emergency gives security services additional authority and restricts public gatherings. New York Times January 23, 2020, Threat From African Militant Islamist Groups Expanding, Diversifying, Africa Center for Strategic Studies CTC Sentinel July 29, 2019, Frontlines in Flux in Battle against African Militant Islamist Groups, Africa Center for Strategic Studies In August 2020, military officers in Mali carried out a bloodless coup that led to the resignation and removal of Malian President Ibraham Boubacar Keita and Malian Prime Minister Boubou Cisse. June 25, 2014, Adjunct Senior Fellow for African Peace and Security Issues, Ralph Bunche Senior Fellow for Africa Policy Studies. Ein Drittel der Bevölkerung ist dabei in besonders kritischer Weise betroffen. The International Criminal Court (ICC) continued investigation into alleged war crimes committed in Mali, opened in 2013, and in March, the ICC Registrar visited Mali. February 7, 2020, Hunger in Central Sahel Rising at Alarming Rate as Conflict Intensifies, Lisa Schlein Numerous groups, including Islamist militant groups, have taken advantage of the government’s inability to assert control over territory in the north by continuously asserting territorial claims and attacking Malian government and international security forces, undermining the government and threatening to destabilize neighboring countries. June 12, 2018, Analysts Warn Sahel Region to Deny Militants Safe Havens, Ibrahim Ahmed The 13,000-strong force was also tasked with increasing efforts to protect civilians and support efforts to bring perpetrators to justice. Die dritte Corona-Welle trifft die Menschen auf dem Westbalkan hart. October 20, 2017, John Campbell Mali’s human rights situation deteriorated in 2019 as hundreds of civilians were killed in numerous incidents by ethnic self-defense groups, most for their perceived support of Islamist groups, and attacks by armed Islamists intensified in northern and central parts of the county allied to Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State, targeted Malian security services, peacekeepers, international forces, and increasingly, civilians. Armed Islamists massacred numerous civilians, including in Menaka region and at least 38 in Yoro and Gangafani II villages near the Burkina Faso border. In September, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), pledged US$1 billion to help support G5 Sahel and national militaries in countering terrorism from 2020- 2024. CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” Juni 2020 Irak: Diyala: IS: salafistisch, wahhabitisch 7 5 Konflikt im Irak seit 2019: 14. Hier finden Sie alle News und Hintergrund-Informationen von ZEIT ONLINE zu Mali. October 13, 2020, Post-Coup Prospects for Democracy in Mali, Michelle Gavin Voice of America Reuters CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” These actors regularly denounced atrocities through public statements but were inconsistent in their calls for accountability. May 2019, The Ogossagou Massacre: Mali’s Ethnic and Islamist Divisions, Greg Hackleton March 5, 2018, Shifting Relationships, Growing Threats: Who's Who of Insurgent Groups in the Sahel, Fabien Offner However, it had not yet sought arrest warrants for any individuals at time of writing. Armed Islamists planted explosives in the bodies of security force members, and in February a civilian’s body, which exploded during his burial, killing 17. 3 April 2020 SC/14156: This was a 2374 Mali Sanctions Committee press release on its 2 March meeting with Mali and regional states on the sanctions regime. Public hearings were scheduled to begin in December. July 2020, Fratricidal Clash in West Africa Pits al Qaeda Against Islamic State, Joe Parkinson, Michael M. Phillips, and Warren P. Strobel Es ist ein trauriges Jubiläum, das Syrien im Frühjahr 2021 begeht: Seit einem Jahrzehnt ist das Land im Bürgerkrieg. A new justice minister improved detention conditions and pledged to prioritize the fight against impunity. Armed Islamists massacred numerous civilians, including in Menaka region and at least 38 in Yoro and Gangafani II villa… April 30, 2020. April 3, 2017, The Sahel: Mali’s Crumbling Peace Process and the Spreading Jihadist Threat, International Crisis Group They also imposed their version of Sharia (Islamic law) via courts that did not adhere to fair trial standards. Wall Street Journal The UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) was also created to combat extremism in the region in April 2013. October 31, 2017, Operation Barkhane: France's Counterterrorism Forces in Africa, Alan Taylor August 27, 2020, Mali Coup: “Rearranging the Deck Chairs on the Titanic”, John Campbell ###bild-1-31###Herr Asche, die Bundesregierung will den Einsatz der Bundeswehr in Mali verlängern; der Bundestag wird demnächst darüber entscheiden. CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” Sollten die Mandate nicht verlängert werden? 287,000 Malians were internally displaced as of mid-2020, almost double the previous year, and at least 142,000 were refugees in neighboring countries as of early 2020, per U.N. figures. Mali und Togo "Wir müssen alles tun, um Gewalt in der Sahelzone zu stoppen" Togo nimmt eine aktive Rolle beim Übergangsprozess in Mali ein - zum Beispiel als Ausrichter von Gesprächsrunden. In February 2020, an ethnic militia killed at least thirty people in Ogassagou. Malian security officials show a jihadist flag they said belonged to attackers in front of the Radisson hotel in Bamako, Mali on November 20, 2015. CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” Over 50 civilians were killed by improvised explosive devices planted on roadways, especially in central Mali. Over 900 schools remained closed and 270,000 children were denied the right to education because of insecurity and displacement. CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” The worsening security situation in the country provoked a political crisis and led to delays in the constitutional review process and parliamentary elections. April 29, 2018, A Shadowy War’s Newest Front: A Drone Base Rising From Saharan Dust, Eric Schmitt 2,6 Millionen Menschen, mehr als die Hälfte der Bevölkerung des Landes, sind auf Hilfe angewiesen. IPI Global Observatory Die Mali-Mission ist die tödlichste, auf die sich die Vereinten Nationen jemals eingelassen haben: Seit Beginn im Jahr 2013 sind 180 Blauhelm-Soldaten in Mali gefallen, 15 alleine in diesem Jahr. February 26, 2019, In West Africa, Violent Extremism Spreads as United States Trims Military Footprint, Michael M. Phillips and Joe Pakinson Brookings Institution The most lethal attacks in central Mali were perpetrated by Dogon militiamen including the worst single atrocity in Mali’s recent history as at least 150 civilians were massacred on March 23 in Ogossagou village; a January 1 attack on Koulogon village killed 37 civilians, and June attacks in Bologo and Saran villages left over 20 dead. Voice of America The Malian judiciary remained plagued by neglect and mismanagement, and many posts in northern and central Mali were abandoned due to insecurity. October 5, 2018, Jihadists Open a New Front in Burkina Faso as the Army Plays Into Their Hands, Robbie Corey-Boulet Er selbst war 2012 durch einen Putsch an die Macht gekommen - doch es war ihm unter anderem nicht gelungen, den seit der Zeit andauernden dschihadistischen Aufstand im Norden des Landes und die Gewalt zwischen verschiedenen Ethnien … March 1, 2016, Enhancing U.S. Support for Peace Operations in Africa, Paul D. Williams May 2015, John Campbell Peuhl militiamen were implicated in the June 9 massacre of 35 Dogon civilians in Sobane-da village. December 14, 2015, Why the U.S. January 18, 2020, The Risk of Jihadist Contagion in West Africa, International Crisis Group Chronologie des Mali-Konflikts. RAND Corporation Die große Mehrheit der Bevölkerung Malis lebt im Süden des Landes. International Crisis Group Juni 2020 Demokratische Republik Kongo: vermutlich ADF: islamistisch Brandstiftung Gebäude, Zivilisten 6 ADF-Konflikt: 15. Eurasia, Middle The violence pitted ethnically aligned self-defense groups against mainly ethnic Peuhl or Fulani communities accused of supporting Islamist armed groups. In July 2020, the France 24 reported that unidentified gunmen opened fire on civilians on multiple villages of Mali and killed at least 31 civilians and 9 soldiers who returned fire, all within a week's time. February 12, 2020, Counterinsurgency in the Sahel is at Risk of Unraveling, J.H. January 24, 2020, Why U.S. Troop Cuts in Africa Would Cause Alarm, Cara Anna Bei einem Luftangriff der französischen Armee in Mali starben im Januar mehr als 20 Menschen. World Politics Review September 27, 2019, Mali in Crisis: The Fight Between the Dogon and Fulani, Child Soldiers and Deaths Surge in Mali as Violence Worsens, Mitigating Farmer-Herder Violence in Mali, Africa Center for Strategic Studies Mali’s “Civilian” Government Has Rather a Lot of Soldiers, The Legacy of Military Governance in Mali, Africa Center for Strategic Studies September 4, 2019, Islamist Violence in Burkina Faso Following Familiar Pattern, John Campbell May 9, 2016, Christopher S. Chivvis Konflikt v Tigraji 2020; N. Nepokoje v Abcházii (2020) P. Případ střelce při nepokojích v Kenoshe; V. Válka v Náhorním Karabachu (2020) Vojenský převrat v Mali 2020 Über uns: Als Entwicklungswerk der katholischen Kirche in Deutschland unterstützen wir mit lokalen Partnern Menschen dort, wo die Not am größten ist. February 8, 2018, Why UN Forces Are Finding it Hard to Bring Peace to Mali, Anthony Morland Rampant banditry continued to undermine livelihoods, and protests against the government over corruption continued. Institute for Security Studies Despite the presence of various counterterrorism forces and internationally supported military operations, violent attacks and reprisals have increased and major terrorist networks and other militant groups appear to be gaining power in Mali. April 16, 2020, Judd Devermont and Marielle Harris April 15, 2020, Terrorist Threat as a Pre-Text: Russia Strengthens Ties with G5 Sahel, Sergey Sukhankin World Politics Review Armed Islamists continued to threaten, and sometimes kill local leaders deemed government collaborators and beat those engaged in cultural practices they had forbidden. World Politics Review April 22, 2018, Human Rights Watch In August, the UN Security Council renewed for one year the mandate of the Mali Sanctions Committee Panel of Experts and imposed an asset freeze and travel ban against those individuals and entities who obstruct the 2015 peace accord and commit human rights abuses. January 14, 2020, Jihadi Violence and Terror Surging in West Africa, John Campbell International Crisis Group Peter Dörrie Wie entstand der Konflikt? February 28, 2020, France and G5 Sahel Recommit Themselves as U.S. Mulls Drawdown, John Campbell July 7, 2016, Andrew Lebovich November 13, 2019, Shifting Borders: Africa’s Displacement Crisis and Its Security Implications, Wendy Williams December 20, 2019, How Jihadists Struck Gold in Africa's Sahel, David Lewis and Ryan McNeill N’Daw then appointed Mali’s former Minister of Foreign Affairs Moctar Ouane—a civilian—as prime minister. Critical Threats Project CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” This crisis is both a humanitarian and security concern as militant groups in the Sahel region often tax trafficking and smuggling routes to fund their campaigns. CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” Als dort der Konflikt eskalierte, flohen sie in Richtung Süden: ins legendäre Mande, das Land ihrer Vorfahren. Ibrahim Maiga and William Assanvo In July, the parliament passed a law of “national understanding,” which civil society groups contended could lead to impunity for some serious human rights violations. In March 2012, then-President Amadou Toumani Toure was deposed in a military coup carried out by the Malian army as anger spread over the government’s response to the rebellion. Numerous men accused of terrorism-related offenses were detained by the national intelligence agency in unauthorized detention facilities and without respect for due process. CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” 13 August 2020 S/2020/785: This was the final report on the Mali Panel of Experts. July 30, 2014. On September 27, Mali’s former Defense Minister Bah N’Daw was named the new president of the transitional council, while the head of the military junta that took power, Assimi Goita, was named vice president of the council. February 2, 2018. The alliance between the MNLA and the Islamist groups was short-lived; in June 2012 the MNLA broke with Ansar Dine and AQIM over the Islamists push to impose Sharia law in the north. Critical Threats New York Times Mali ble regnet som et ganske stabilt demokrati fra 1992 og frem til separatister med støtte av islamister gjennomførte et statskupp i 2012. Das französische Eingreifen in Mali ist ein Feuerwehreinsatz, der die plötzliche Offensive der islamistischen Rebellen nach monatelanger gespenstischer Stille an der Frontlinie verhindert hat. April 2018, Burkina Faso’s Alarming Escalation of Jihadist Violence, Rinaldo Depagne 2012 January. January 25, 2018, Finding the Right Role for the G5 Sahel Joint Force, International Crisis Group The protests, referred to as the June 5 Movement, focused on highlighting corruption and the government’s failure to curb insecurity across Mali. January 18, 2017, Protecting Mali's Peace: The Role of Civil Society, Delphine Mechoulan, Lesley Connolly, and Minna Hojland Foreign Policy France and the US led on military matters, the EU on training and security sector reform, and the UN on rule of law and political stability. The UN independent expert on Mali visited the country in February and issued several statements on the importance of addressing impunity. Taking Steps to Reduce Vulnerability in Africa in Wake of Tongo Tongo Ambush, John Campbell Center for Strategic and International Studies September 8, 2020, The Malian Military Ousts a Wayward Government, Judd Devermont MINUSMA meaningfully supported the government, including in atrocity investigations, and community reconciliation efforts, and increased patrolling. Jahrhundert), das von den Malinké gegründet wurde und als das bedeutendste frühmittelalterliche Großreich Westafrikas angesehen wird. Seine Einschätzung zur Lage und den Vorwürfen der Racheaktionen der Regierungstruppen. A Bella and Tuareg woman stand at a camp for Malian refuges in Goudebou, Burkina Faso on April 5, 2014. East & North Africa, Agreement on Peace and Reconciliation in Mali, UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali, U.S. military has also increased its presence. The United States and France immediately condemned the coup, as did the UN Security Council, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and the African Union (AU). Selected Security Council Letters: View All September 4, 2018, Shadowy U.S. Drone War in Africa Set to Expand, Lara Seligman The EU Training Mission in Mali (EUTM) and EU Capacity Building Mission (EUCAP), continued to train and advise Mali’s security forces. A UN peacekeeper walks next to the Djingareyber mosque in Timbuktu, Mali on February 4, 2016. March 1, 2019, New Humanitarian Local groups said the government was reluctant to question or charge militia leaders credibly implicated in massacres, favoring short-term reconciliation efforts envisioned to mitigate communal tension. October 17, 2019, Destroying a Fragile Peace, Terrorists Wreak Havoc in West Africa, Danielle Paquette This was the mid-term report of the Mali Panel of Experts. N24-Reporter Christoph Wanner ist in Mali. The National Commission for Human Rights (CNDH) investigated some abuses, issued several communiques, visited detention centers, and set up a program to provide legal support to the indigent. The current crisis in Mali began in early 2012 when a Tuareg separatist group, the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA), in the north rebelled for a fourth time. Hassane Kone CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” Associated Press September 25, 2018, ‘I Have Lost Everything’: In Central Mali, Rising Extremism Stirs Inter-Communal Conflict, Philip Kleinfeld Where Do Sahel Terrorists Get Their Heavy Weapons? June 25, 2019, Residual, Not Irrelevant: AQIM’s Lingering Threat to the Maghreb, Dario Cristiani Justice Minister Malick Coulibaly, appointed in May, took concrete steps to improve prison conditions and vowed to improve access to justice and make progress on atrocity cases. Washington Post In July, the Council put five men—two businessmen, two armed Islamists, and a parliamentarian—on the sanction list. Nachrichten zum blutigen Anschlag auf einen Militärstützpunkt im nordischen Mali und zur UN-Friedensmission zur Stabilisierung des westafrikanischen Staates. June 1, 2018, U.S. Mali Konflikt 2021 Der Putsch in Mali von August 2020 hat vor allem das Leben der Menschen in der Hauptstadt Bamako stark getroffen, während in vielen ländlichen Regionen des Sahelstaates der Alltag weitergeht, trotz der Unsicherheit um die politische Zukunft. Schon lange fühlten sich die im Norden lebenden Tuareg von der Regierung ungleich behandelt. CFR Blog, “Africa in Transition” September 27, 2018, Jama’at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM), Center for Strategic and International Studies April 22, 2020, France Should Give Mali Space to Negotiate With Jihadists, Alex Thurston Mali. Washington Post October 10, 2019, Strategies for Peace and Security in the Sahel, Africa Center for Strategic Studies Attacks by armed Islamists allied to Al-Qaeda, and to a lesser extent the Islamist State affiliate in the Sahel, killed over 150 civilians, as well as scores of government forces and at least 16 United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) peacekeepers, including the January 20 attack on the Aguelhok UN base that killed 11 Chadian peacekeepers. & International Institutions, Europe Critical Threats War on the Rocks Wall Street Journal Nach einem Militärputsch in Mali hat Präsident Ibrahim Boubacar Keita seinen sofortigen Rücktritt und die Auflösung des Parlaments verkündet. Scores of farmers, herders and traders were killed by different ethnic militias in reprisal killings as they tended their fields or animals and went to market, provoking widespread displacement and a hunger crisis. Bereits nach dem Einsatz hieß es, unter den Opfern seien vor allem Zivilisten. Im Jahr 2020 wendete die Schweiz 3,343 Milliarden Franken für die öffentliche Entwicklungshilfe (APD) auf. Trotz des Friedensabkommens von 2015 greift die Destabilisierung immer weiter vom Norden auf die Mitte des Landes über. RAND Corporation New York Times 16 January - 17 January: Battle of Menaka between the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) and the army of Mali.On the 17th, fighting spread to towns of Aguelhok and Tessalit. Das sind 263 Millionen Franken mehr als 2019. Mali - Nachrichten und Information: An 365 Tagen im Jahr, rund um die Uhr aktualisiert, die wichtigsten News auf tagesschau.de Foreign Policy Over 85,000 civilians fled their homes as a result of violence in 2019. Center for Strategic and International Studies Mehr lesen The Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission, established in 2014 to investigate crimes and root causes of violence since 1960, has taken over 14,000 victim and witness statements, but its credibility was weakened by the inclusion of armed group members and exclusion of victims’ representatives. June 9, 2020, As Militaries Struggle in the Sahel, Jihadis Cooperate, John Campbell The MNLA was backed by a collection of Islamist militant groups—Ansar Dine, al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), and the Movement for Unity and Jihad in West Africa—and together the groups moved to take over territory in the north. September 22, 2014, Press Statement of the 457th Peace and Security Council meeting on the developments in the situation in Mali and the Sahel, African Union Rund 700 Jahre lang lebten die Dogon in der Mopti-Region im Zentrum von Mali. March 20, 2020, U.S. Weighs Troop Cuts in Africa, Leaving Allies to Confront Growing Militant Threat, MIchael M. Philipps
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