[86] He rejected literalist interpretations of a passage, such as those of the Anabaptists, and used synecdoche [87] and analogies, methods he describes in A Friendly Exegesis (1527). Zwingli himself asserted vigorously his independence of Luther and the most recent studies have lent credibility to this claim. During the first Zürich disputation in 1523, he denied that an actual sacrifice occurred during the mass, arguing that Christ made the sacrifice only once and for all eternity. [100], Today's Musikabteilung (literally: music departement), located in the choir of the Predigern church in Zürich was founded in 1971, and forms a scientific music collection of European importance. The early Reformed theologian Huldrych Zwingli is commonly associated with memorialism. Apart from topical criticism of abuses, he did not at first attack traditional positions, being content to expound the regular Gospel passages. [110][111], Outside of Switzerland, no church counts Zwingli as its founder. Ulrich (sometimes spelt Huldreich) Zwingli was born in 1484. Eck led the Catholic party while the reformers were represented by Johannes Oecolampadius of Basel, a theologian from Württemberg who had carried on an extensive and friendly correspondence with Zwingli. In 1519, Zwingli specifically rejected the veneration of saints and called for the need to distinguish between their true and fictional accounts. The tone was strongly anti-Catholic as well as anti-Lutheran. This is the wonderful hand of God on high." A truly Christian community must follow the Bible as closely as possible. [73] Professor George summarized the incompatible views, "On this issue, they parted without having reached an agreement. [96], Zwingli criticized the practice of priestly chanting and monastic choirs. Ulrich Zwingli is not as famous as the likes as Martin Luther or John Calvin but he did play his part in the break with the Roman Catholic Church. Hence, Schmid rejected the radicals and their iconoclasm, but supported Zwingli's position. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Zwingli appealed to scripture constantly in his writings. [44][45], In December 1523, the council set a deadline of Pentecost in 1524 for a solution to the elimination of the mass and images. On 7 February 1528 the council decreed that the Reformation be established in Bern. As the petition was addressed to the secular authorities, the bishop responded at the same level by notifying the Zürich government to maintain the ecclesiastical order. He communicated as easily with the ordinary people of his congregation as with rulers such as Philip of Hesse. He outlined justifications for an attack on the Catholic states and other measures to be taken. On 22 December, the Diet recommended that its members prohibit the new teachings, a strong indictment directed at Zürich. Huldrych Zwingli [lower-alpha 1] or Ulrich Zwingli [lower-alpha 2] (1 January 1484 – 11 October 1531) was a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland, born during a time of emerging Swiss patriotism and increasing criticism of the Swiss mercenary system.He attended the University of Vienna and the University of Basel, a scholarly center of Renaissance humanism. Source for information on Zwinglianism: New Catholic Encyclopedia dictionary. Born into a peasant family in Toggenburg, an Alpine valley in the eastern part of modern-day Switzerland, Zwingli studied at the universities of Vienna and Basel (1498 – 1506), where he was exposed to the major currents that would shape his theology: late medieval Scholasticism and humanism. 1484–1531, Swiss leader of the Reformation, based in Zurich. [99] Nevertheless, scholars have found that Zwingli was supportive of a role for music in the church. Zürich urged its continuation and the Burgrecht cities began to quarrel among themselves. Huldrych Zwingli is not as famous as his German peer (Luther) or his French successor (Calvin), but his influence on the Anabaptist tradition is at least as direct. He demanded the dissolution of the Christian Alliance; unhindered preaching by reformers in the Catholic states; prohibition of the pension system; payment of war reparations; and compensation to the children of Jacob Kaiser. Theology of the Reformers (p. 155). He argued that baptism was a sign of a covenant with God, thereby replacing circumcision in the Old Testament. In 1518, despite much opposition, he was appointed people’s priest at the Grossmünster (Great Minster) at Zürich. This document attempted to take a middle position between the Lutherans and Zwinglians. For Luther, however, that which the bread signified, namely the body of Christ, was present “in, with, and under” the sign itself. Some canons supported Hofmann, but the opposition never grew very large. In November the council passed ordinances in support of Schmid's motion. He then noted, "You cannot really bring faith by means of spears and halberds. Zwingli, the papal partisan, found himself in a difficult position and he decided to retreat to Einsiedeln in the canton of Schwyz. He was to be banned and his writings were no longer to be distributed. B&H Publishing Group. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The meeting started on 6 January 1528 and lasted nearly three weeks. [20] Another view is that Zwingli did not pay much attention to Luther's theology and in fact he considered it as part of the humanist reform movement. His arguments are detailed in the Conclusions of 1525, in which, Conclusions 44, 45 and 46 are concerned with musical practices under the rubric of "prayer". About nine hundred persons attended this meeting, but neither the bishop nor the Confederation sent representatives. ZWINGLI, HULDRYCH (1484 – 1531). His motives for doing this are not clear, but in his sermons he used exhortation to achieve moral and ecclesiastical improvement which were goals comparable with Erasmian reform. His library contained over three hundred volumes from which he was able to draw upon classical, patristic, and scholastic works. He believed the opinions of the people would gradually change and the voluntary removal of images would follow. Definition, Rechtschreibung, Synonyme und Grammatik von 'Zwingli' auf Duden online nachschlagen. This page was last edited on 8 February 2021, at 15:41. [27], In August 1519, Zürich was struck by an outbreak of the plague during which at least one in four persons died. A minor indulgence crisis arose in 1518, but Zwingli’s witty castigation of the abuse found ecclesiastical favour and, finally, a titular honour by the papacy, from which he also drew a chaplaincy pension. It was in Glarus, whose soldiers were used as mercenaries in Europe, that Zwingli became involved in politics. Like Zwingli, he summarised his theology several times, the best-known example being the Second Helvetic Confession of 1566. The object of faith was that which is not seen (Heb 11:1) and which therefore cannot be eaten except, again, in a nonliteral, figurative sense. [50] Scholars have not yet attempted to clarify Zwingli's share of the work based on external and stylistic evidence. On 15 August 1524 the council insisted on the obligation to baptise all newborn infants. "[69], The failure to find agreement resulted in strong emotions on both sides. [12] Zwingli stayed in Einsiedeln for two years during which he withdrew completely from politics in favour of ecclesiastical activities and personal studies. He described his preparation for death in a poem, Zwingli's Pestlied, consisting of three parts: the onset of the illness, the closeness to death, and the joy of recovery. [18] He continued to read and interpret the book on subsequent Sundays until he reached the end and then proceeded in the same manner with the Acts of the Apostles, the New Testament epistles, and finally the Old Testament. ), eds. In 1519, Zwingli became the Leutpriester (people's priest) of the Grossmünster in Zürich where he began to preach ideas on reform of the Catholic Church. The Swiss reformer Huldrych Zwingli was a pioneering and domineering voice during the early sixteenth century, especially at the genesis of the Protestant Reformation. Three of Zwingli's Lieder or hymns have been preserved: the Pestlied mentioned above, an adaptation of Psalm 65 (c. 1525), and the Kappeler Lied, which is believed to have been composed during the campaign of the first war of Kappel (1529). Zwingli and Jud unequivocally advocated an attack on the Five States. 7908 Zwingli • Huldrych Zwingli • Theology of Huldrych Zwingli • Timeline of Huldrych Zwingli • Zwingli (disambiguation) ... synonym - definition - dictionary - define - translation - translate - translator - conjugation - anagram. He communicated as easily with the ordinary people of his congregation as with rulers such as Philip of Hesse. [92], The impact of Luther on Zwingli's theological development has long been a source of interest and discussion among Lutheran scholars, who seek to firmly establish Luther as the first Reformer. War was declared on 8 June 1529. Zwingli and Jud interviewed them and more debates were held before the Zürich council. [46], Evidence of the effect of the Reformation was seen in early 1524. Schaffhausen, which had closely followed Zürich's example, formally adopted the Reformation in September 1529. On 11 December 1518, the canons elected Zwingli to become the stipendiary priest and on 27 December he moved permanently to Zürich. He took the role of chaplain in several campaigns in Italy, including the Battle of Novara in 1513. His father, Ulrich, played a leading role in the administration of the community (Amtmann or chief local magistrate). Zwingli’s View of Baptism A. Zwingli’s Emerging Definition of Baptism 1. [60], Even before the Bern disputation, Zwingli was canvassing for an alliance of reformed cities. [65][66], Zwingli was obliged to state the terms of the armistice. For Zwingli, a sacrament was an initiatory ceremony or a pledge, pointing out that the word was derived from sacramentum meaning an oath. In 1549, however, Bullinger and Calvin succeeded in overcoming the differences in doctrine and produced the Consensus Tigurinus (Zürich Consensus). A German surname, notably borne by Huldrych Zwingli, a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland. The Lutherans presented the Augsburg Confession. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Huldrych-Zwingli, Religion Facts - Biography of Ulrich Zwingli, The History Learning Site - Biography of Ulrich Zwingli, Online Library of Liberty - Biography of Huldrych Zwingli, Huldrych Zwingli - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Huldrych Zwingli - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Huldrych Zwingli "'was … [40][41], In September 1523, Leo Jud, Zwingli's closest friend and colleague and pastor of St. Peterskirche, publicly called for the removal of statues of saints and other icons. He was sympathetic toward the Renaissance movement and valued his correspondence with Erasmus. [57][58], On 8 April 1524, five cantons, Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, and Zug, formed an alliance, die fünf Orte (the Five States) to defend themselves from Zwingli's Reformation. Zwingli's primary schooling was provided by his un… His attack on the claim that tithing was a divine institution, however, had the greatest theological and social impact. After three years in Basel, he stayed a short time in Bern with the humanist, Henry Wölfflin. Burnett, Amy Nelson and Campi, Emidio (eds.). For centuries the relationship with the Confederation's powerful neighbour, France, determined the foreign policies of the Swiss. [71], Zwingli accepted Philip's invitation fully believing that he would be able to convince Luther. 2 months after Luther. He associated music with images and vestments, all of which he felt diverted people's attention from true spiritual worship. The city of St Gallen, an affiliated state to the Confederation, was led by a reformed mayor, Joachim Vadian, and the city abolished the mass in 1527, just two years after Zürich. [24][25], Within the diocese of Constance, Bernhardin Sanson was offering a special indulgence for contributors to the building of St Peter's in Rome. It was a judgment of God. Huldrych Zwingli was born on 1 January 1484 in Wildhaus, in the Toggenburg valley of Switzerland, to a family of farmers, the third child of nine. He attacked moral corruption and in the process he named individuals who were the targets of his denunciations. Scholars do not agree on the process of how he developed his own unique model. Zwingli had instituted fundamental reforms, while Bullinger consolidated and refined them. The council decided on the orderly removal of images within Zürich, but rural congregations were granted the right to remove them based on majority vote. Zwingli, however, eliminated instrumental music from worship in the church, stating that God had not commanded it in worship. [19] One view is that Zwingli was trained as an Erasmian humanist and Luther played a decisive role in changing his theology. [103] He was more conscious of social obligations than was Luther, and he genuinely believed that the masses would accept a government guided by God's word. Information and translations of Huldrych in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. The final verses of the first part read:[28], In the years following his recovery, Zwingli's opponents remained in the minority. He was more conscious of social obligations than was Luther, and he genuinely believed that the masses would accept a government guided by God's wor… [88] He also paid attention to the immediate context and attempted to understand the purpose behind it, comparing passages of scripture with each other. A collection of selected works was published in 1995 by the Zwingliverein in collaboration with the Theologischer Verlag Zürich[117] This four-volume collection contains the following works:[118]. [79], The peace treaty of the First Kappel War did not define the right of unhindered preaching in the Catholic states. A tract On Meats and a printed version of the Oetenbach addresses, The Clarity and Certainty of the Word of God, appeared in 1522. He denied the ecclesiastical hierarchy any right to judge on matters of church order because of its corrupted state.[34]. The sermon was the focal point of the service and there was no organ music or singing. [93] Like Luther, Zwingli was also a student and admirer of Augustine. [85] The principles that guide Zwingli's interpretations are derived from his rationalist humanist education and his Reformed understanding of the Bible. [13][14], Zwingli's time as the pastor of Glarus and Einsiedeln was characterized by inner growth and development. The bishop was invited to attend or to send a representative. George, Timothy. At this point, Konrad Schmid, a priest from Aargau and follower of Zwingli, made a pragmatic suggestion. For the main-belt asteroid, see, Protestant Reformation leader in Switzerland, Swiss Reformed Church founder (1484-1531), Reformation progresses in Zürich (1524–1525), Conflict with the Anabaptists (1525–1527), Reformation in the Confederation (1526–1528), Politics, confessions, the Kappel Wars, and death (1529–1531), The Sixty-seven Articles are contained in. [21] A third view is that Zwingli was not a complete follower of Erasmus, but had diverged from him as early as 1516 and that he independently developed his theology. [15], In late 1518, the post of the Leutpriestertum (people's priest) of the Grossmünster at Zürich became vacant. [37][38] Fabri, who had not envisaged an academic disputation in the manner Zwingli had prepared for,[39] was forbidden to discuss high theology before laymen, and simply insisted on the necessity of the ecclesiastical authority. Huldrych Zwingli : biography 1 January 1484 – 11 October 1531 In December 1531, the Zurich council selected Heinrich Bullinger as his successor. By this time, he had become convinced that mercenary service was immoral and that Swiss unity was indispensable for any future achievements. How to say Huldrych zwingli in English? It was under Zwingli’s teaching in Zurich, Switzerland, that the first Swiss Brethren developed the convictions that … Zwingli's turn to relative pacifism and his focus on preaching can be traced to the influence of Erasmus. Of the thirteen Confederation members, Glarus, Solothurn, Fribourg, and Appenzell as well as the Five States voted against Zwingli. His countrymen were presented as virtuous people within a French, imperial, and papal triangle. Consensus View of Baptism A. Scriptural Foundation B. [106] Bullinger rallied the reformed cities and cantons and helped them to recover from the defeat at Kappel. The essence of the mass and its sacrificial character was also included as a subject of discussion. [53] On 17 January 1525 a public debate was held and the council decided in favour of Zwingli. Omissions? He also clashed with the Anabaptists, which resulted in their persecution. The post gave him little income or official influence but great scope for preaching. [101], Zwingli was a humanist and a scholar with many devoted friends and disciples. Huldrych went to school at Wesen, then Basel (1494), and Bern (1496), where his master, Heinrich Wölflin, inspired in him an enthusiasm for the classics and a love of music. Scholars have found assessing Zwingli’s historical impact to be difficult, for several reasons. The Burgrecht cities now had no external allies to help deal with internal Confederation religious conflicts. He was publicly married to Anna Reinhard on April 2, 1524. The Dominicans in Bern tried to persuade Zwingli to join their order and it is possible that he was received as a novice. Also taking part was a group of young men demanding a much faster pace of reformation, who among other things pleaded for replacing infant baptism with adult baptism. Zwingli formed an alliance of Reformed cantons which divided the Confederation along religious lines. The participants were able to agree on fourteen of the articles, but the fifteenth article established the differences in their views on the presence of Christ in the eucharist. Have a definition for Huldrych Zwingli ? Zwingli afterward dated his evangelical understanding of the Scriptures from the period of transition to Einsiedeln. Other theologians also participated including Martin Bucer, Andreas Osiander, Johannes Brenz, and Justus Jonas. His reputation as a stern, stolid reformer is counterbalanced by the fact that he had an excellent sense of humour and used satiric fables, spoofing, and puns in his writings. Meaning of Huldrych. This meeting, the first Zürich disputation, took place on 29 January 1523. The main issue for Zwingli, however, was not the irrationality or exegetical fallacy of Luther’s views. In Catholic theology, purgatory is a preliminary state where souls go to be cleansed before entering heaven. He denied the Eucharistic presence, holding that the Communion was merely a commemoration of Christ's death. On 3 January 1523, the Zürich city council invited the clergy of the city and outlying region to a meeting to allow the factions to present their opinions. Nominally, the Confederation formed a part of the Holy Roman Empire. Noun 1. However, the decisive defeat of the Swiss in the Battle of Marignano caused a shift in mood in Glarus in favour of the French rather than the pope. [90], Zwingli approached the eucharist in a similar manner to baptism. XVII to XXI are planned to cover the New Testament. Eck offered to dispute Zwingli and he accepted. Even more absurdly, Christ’s body would have to be swallowed, digested, even eliminated through the bowels! Sometime after 1520, Zwingli's theological model began to evolve into an idiosyncratic form that was neither Erasmian nor Lutheran. Zwingli was a humanist and a scholar with many devoted friends and disciples. Zwingli, the great Swiss reformer, played an important part in the history of Zurich. Not only did the unrest between Zürich and the bishop continue, tensions were growing among Zürich's Confederation partners in the Swiss Diet. [23] This contradicted the immediate economic interests of the foundation. He agreed with the stand Luther took against the pope. He communicated as easily with the ordinary people of his congregation as with rulers such as Philip of Hesse. [68], While Zwingli carried on the political work of the Swiss Reformation, he developed his theological views with his colleagues. He founded the Swiss Reformed Church and was an important figure in the broader Reformed tradition. [42][43], Zwingli again took the lead in the disputation. Huldrych Zwingli atau Ulrich Zwingli (lahir 1 Januari 1484 – meninggal 11 Oktober 1531 pada umur 47 tahun) adalah salah seorang pemimpin Reformasi di Swiss. It is not known what he thought of the musical practices in early Lutheran churches. [61] The first meetings were held in Bern between representatives of Bern, Constance, and Zürich on 5–6 January 1528. The Lutherans did not react officially, but criticised it privately. Manuel added that an attack would expose Bern to further dangers as Catholic Valais and the Duchy of Savoy bordered its southern flank. Later, in his conflict with the Anabaptists, he defended the practice of infant baptism, noting that there is no law forbidding the practice. It was too late for the Burgrecht cities to produce a confession of their own. For Zwingli, though, sign and thing signified were separated by a distance—the width between heaven and earth. The decision of the council was that Zwingli would be allowed to continue his preaching and that all other preachers should teach only in accordance with Scripture. Zwingli nennt das Amt der Obrigkeit das "leibliche" Regiment. As images were not yet considered to be valueless by everyone, he suggested that pastors preach on this subject under threat of punishment. There was no serious exchange of views as each side would not move from their positions and the debates degenerated into an uproar, each side shouting abuse at the other. This relative independence served as the basis for conflict during the time of the Reformation when the various cantons divided between different confessional camps. Zwingli insisted that he was not an innovator and that the sole basis of his teachings was Scripture. He placed its authority above other sources such as the ecumenical councils or the Church Fathers, although he did not hesitate to use other sources to support his arguments. The question of removing the images from the churches provoked a second disputation in October, in which Zwingli and his most intimate friend and fellow reformer Leo Jud carried the day. Bern refused to participate, but after a long process, Zürich, Basel, and Strasbourg signed a mutual defence treaty with Philip in November 1530. Zwingli at once began to preach his new convictions. This was over a year after Martin Luther published his Ninety-five theses (31 October 1517). The decision on the mass was postponed. But his father and uncle dissuaded him, and, instead, he moved on to university studies at Vienna (1498) and then Basel (1502), where he graduated in 1504. As a result of the final point, the state virtually merged with the church in Zurich, a city that adopted Zwingli’s reforms. But it was only after another disputation that Bern counted itself as a canton of the Reformation. Because of the disagreements, Zwingli decided to boycott the disputation. When a vacancy occurred among the canons of the Grossmünster, Zwingli was elected to fulfill that vacancy on 29 April 1521. Zwingli took the opportunity to meet him while Erasmus was in Basel between August 1514 and May 1516. Born during a time of emerging Swiss patriotism and increasing criticism of the Swiss mercenary system, he attended the University of Vienna and the University of Basel, a scholarly centre of humanism. Wikipedia (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Huldrych Zwingli. Bullinger immediately removed any doubts about Zwingli's orthodoxy and defended him as a prophet and a martyr. In his first public controversy in 1522, he attacked the custom of fasting during Lent. Huldrych Zwingli[a] or Ulrich Zwingli[b] (1 January 1484 – 11 October 1531) was a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland, born during a time of emerging Swiss patriotism and increasing criticism of the Swiss mercenary system. The complete 21-volume edition is being undertaken by the Zwingliverein in collaboration with the Institut für schweizerische Reformationsgeschichte, and is projected to be organised as follows: Vols. As the authorities in Rome were anxious to contain the fire started by Luther, the Bishop of Constance denied any support of Sanson and he was recalled. This was a bitter disappointment for Zwingli and it marked his decline in political influence. 94: God’s Punishment of the Godless (Early November 1531). Yet, Zwingli replied, if the words were taken in their literal sense, the body had to be eaten in the most grossly material way. The Swiss Confederation was embroiled in various campaigns with its neighbours: the French, the Habsburgs, and the Papal States. [67] The first Land Peace of Kappel, der erste Landfriede, ended the war on 24 June. George, Timothy. Deviating from the prevalent practice of basing a sermon on the Gospel lesson of a particular Sunday, Zwingli, using Erasmus' New Testament as a guide, began to read through the Gospel of Matthew, giving his interpretation during the sermon, known as the method of lectio continua. The controversy continued until 1528 when efforts to build bridges between the Lutheran and the Zwinglian views began. [33] They would eventually have four children: Regula, William, Huldrych, and Anna. [16][17], On 1 January 1519, Zwingli gave his first sermon in Zürich. Bern, Basel, Schaffhausen, and Zürich supported him. [48], Although the council had hesitated in abolishing the mass, the decrease in the exercise of traditional piety allowed pastors to be unofficially released from the requirement of celebrating mass. [89] (However, the word is also translated "mystery".) Zwingli had instituted fundamental reforms; Bullinger consolidated and refined them. [97] The organist of the People's Church in Zürich is recorded as weeping upon seeing the great organ broken up. Other cities, including Basel, Biel, Mülhausen, Schaffhausen, and St Gallen, eventually joined the alliance. Given the flexibility of the league's entrance requirements, Zürich, Basel, and Bern also considered joining. Zwingli assumed the main burden of defending the Reformation and he preached twice in the Münster. These pamphlets, published in Basel in 1524, received the approval of Oecolampadius and Zwingli. Successive steps taken during 1524 and 1525 included the removal of images, the suppression of organs, the dissolution of religious houses, the replacement of the mass by a simple Communion service, the reform of the baptismal office, the introduction of prophesyings or Bible readings, the reorganization of the ministry, and the preparation of a native version of the Bible (the Zürcher Bibel appeared in 1529). Older German / Latin editions available online include: See also the following English translations of selected works by Zwingli: "Zwingli" redirects here. This was done by reorganising the foundations of the Grossmünster and Fraumünster and pensioning off remaining nuns and monks. It publishes the materials entrusted to it at irregular intervals as CDs. He founded the Swiss Reformed Church and was an important figure in the broader Reformed tradition. In 1520 he secured permission from the city’s governing council to preach the “true divine scriptures,” and the resulting sermons helped to stir revolts against fasting and clerical celibacy that initiated the Swiss Reformation (1522). [102] His reputation as a stern, stolid reformer is counterbalanced by the fact that he had an excellent sense of humour and used satiric fables, spoofing, and puns in his writings. However, through a succession of wars culminating in the Swabian War in 1499, the Confederation had become de facto independent. Although Zürich's representatives were present, they did not participate in the sessions. Bern was not prepared to insist on the unhindered preaching or the prohibition of the pension system. Updates? In Basel, although Zwingli had a close relationship with Oecolampadius, the government did not officially sanction any reformatory changes until 1 April 1529 when the mass was prohibited. In his publications, he noted corruption in the ecclesiastical hierarchy, promoted clerical marriage, and attacked the use of images in places of worship. The Five (Catholic) States felt encircled and isolated, so they searched for outside allies. The radicals ignored these measures and on 21 January, they met at the house of the mother of another radical leader, Felix Manz. In May 1531, Zürich reluctantly agreed to impose a food blockade. Luther Works Tabletalk No. Ulrich Zwingli was a Swiss Protestant leader in the Reformation. With this rapprochement, Calvin established his role in the Swiss Reformed Churches and eventually in the wider world. Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. (Biography) Ulrich (ˈʊlrɪç) or Huldreich (ˈhʊltraiç). Zwingli rejected the word sacrament in the popular usage of his time. [82], In Tabletalk, Luther is recorded saying: "They say that Zwingli recently died thus; if his error had prevailed, we would have perished, and our church with us.
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